1;Gastrointestinal Oncology;2 1.1;Preface;4 1.2;Contents;5 1.3;1: Imaging in Gastrointestinal Cancer;7 1.3.1;1.1 Introduction;7 1.3.2;1.2 Screening;7 1.3.2.1;1.2.1 Colon Cancer Screening;8 1.3.2.2;1.2.2 Diagnosis and Staging;9 1.3.2.3;1.2.3 PET Imaging: The Basics;9 1.3.2.4;1.2.4 PET in Staging GI Cancers;11 1.3.3;1.3 Monitoring Response to Treatment;14 1.3.3.1;1.3.1 Use of FDG-PET in Monitoring Early Response to Treatment;15 1.3.3.1.1;1.3.1.1 Esophageal Cancer;15 1.3.3.1.2;1.3.1.2 Colorectal Cancer;16 1.3.3.1.3;1.3.1.3 GI Stromal Tumors;18 1.3.4;1.4 Surveillance;19 1.3.4.1;1.4.1 Surveillance After Potentially Curative Resection;19 1.3.5;1.5 Summary;20 1.3.6;References;21 1.4;2: Interventional Gastrointestinal Oncology;27 1.4.1;2.1 Endoscopic Mucosal Resection;27 1.4.2;2.2 Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection;30 1.4.3;2.3 Endoscopic Ultrasound;32 1.4.3.1;2.3.1 Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma;32 1.4.3.2;2.3.2 Pancreatic Cystic Lesions;33 1.4.3.3;2.3.3 Hepatobiliary Neoplasms;35 1.4.3.4;2.3.4 Submucosal Gastrointestinal Lesions;35 1.4.3.5;2.3.5 Gastric Cancer;36 1.4.3.6;2.3.6 Esophageal Neoplasms;36 1.4.3.7;2.3.7 Colorectal Carcinoma;37 1.4.3.8;2.3.8 Lung Malignancy;37 1.4.3.9;2.3.9 Therapeutic Applications of EUS-FNA;38 1.4.3.9.1;2.3.9.1 Celiac Plexus Blockade;38 1.4.3.9.2;2.3.9.2 EUS-Guided Pancreatico-Biliary Access/Drainage;38 1.4.3.9.3;2.3.9.3 EUS-Guided Fine Needle Injection;39 1.4.4;2.4 Endoscopic Management of Malignant Gastrointestinal Obstruction;39 1.4.4.1;2.4.1 Malignant Esophageal Obstruction;39 1.4.4.2;2.4.2 Malignant Gastro-Duodenal Obstruction;41 1.4.4.3;2.4.3 Malignant Colorectal Obstruction;41 1.4.4.4;2.4.4 Malignant Biliary Obstruction;42 1.4.5;2.5 Conclusion;43 1.4.6;References;44 1.5;3: Practical Gastrointestinal Oncology Correlative Science;48 1.5.1;3.1 The Molecular Bases of Gastrointestinal Cancer;48 1.5.2;3.2 Molecular Pathways of Colorectal Carcinoma;49 1.5.2.1;3.2.1 Chromosomal Instability Pathway;50 1.5.2.2;3.2.2 Microsatellite Instability Pathway;50 1.5.2.2.1;3.2.2.1 Specific Genetic Alterations in the MIS Pathway;51 1.5.2.2.2;3.2.2.2 Practical Applications of MSI Testing;51 1.5.3;3.3 Molecular Alterations in GI Cancers with Current Clinical Applications;54 1.5.3.1;3.3.1 KRAS;54 1.5.3.1.1;3.3.1.1 Practical Applications of KRAS Mutational Analysis;55 1.5.3.2;3.3.2 Allelic Imbalance in 18q;56 1.5.3.3;3.3.3 Other Molecular Abnormalities;56 1.5.4;3.4 Molecular Testing in Other GI Cancers;56 1.5.5;3.5 Summary of Recommendations for Molecular Testing in GI Carcinomas;57 1.5.6;3.6 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST);57 1.5.6.1;3.6.1 Pathology;57 1.5.7;3.7 Oncogenic Kinase Mutations in GISTs;58 1.5.8;3.8 Molecular Classification of GISTs;59 1.5.8.1;3.8.1 GIST Variants;60 1.5.9;3.9 Kinase Genotype and Treatment with Imatinib Mesylate;61 1.5.9.1;3.9.1 Adjuvant Imatinib and Kinase Genotype;61 1.5.10;3.10 Imatinib Resistance;62 1.5.10.1;3.10.1 Sunitinib;62 1.5.10.2;3.10.2 Other Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors;62 1.5.11;3.11 Recommendations for GIST Genotyping;63 1.5.12;3.12 Summary;63 1.5.13;References;64 1.6;4: Esophageal Cancer;72 1.6.1;4.1 Epidemiology;72 1.6.2;4.2 Etiologic Factors;73 1.6.2.1;4.2.1 Squamous Cell Cancer;73 1.6.2.2;4.2.2 Adenocarcinoma;74 1.6.3;4.3 Classification and Pathology;75 1.6.3.1;4.3.1 Squamous Cell Carcinoma;75 1.6.3.2;4.3.2 Adenocarcinoma;76 1.6.3.3;4.3.3 Precancerous Lesions;76 1.6.3.4;4.3.4 Differential Pathologic Diagnosis;76 1.6.3.5;4.3.5 Specific Histotypes;76 1.6.3.6;4.3.6 Lymphatic Spread;77 1.6.3.7;4.3.7 Distant Metastases;77 1.6.3.8;4.3.8 Anatomic Classification;78 1.6.4;4.4 Symptoms;78 1.6.5;4.5 Clinical Diagnostics;80 1.6.6;4.6 Preoperative Risk Assessment;81 1.6.7;4.7 Indications and Selection of Treatment Modalities;83 1.6.8;4.8 Endoscopic Therapy;83 1.6.9;4.9 Surgical Therapy;84 1.6.9.1;4.9.1 Procedures;84 1.6.9.2;4.9.2 Perioperative Morbidity and Mortality;87 1.6.9.3;4.9.3 Long-Term Surgical Outcome;88 1.6.10;4.10 Perioperative Treatment;89 1.6.10.1;4.10.1 Neoadjuvant Radiation;89