1;Foreword;5 2;Preface;6 3;Acknowledgements;7 4;Contents;3 5;1: Functional Morphology of Muscles and Tendons;11 5.1;1.1 Muscle;11 5.1.1;1.1.1 Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Tissue;12 5.1.2;1.1.2 Classification of Skeletal Muscles;14 5.1.3;1.1.3 Number of Points of Origin;15 5.1.4;1.1.4 Mode of Action;15 5.1.5;1.1.5 Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibres;16 5.1.6;1.1.6 Motor Units and Their Recruitment;18 5.1.7;1.1.7 Vascularisation and Innervation;18 5.1.8;1.1.8 Muscle Plasticity;19 5.2;1.2 Tendons;19 5.2.1;1.2.1 Tendon Structure;19 5.2.2;1.2.2 Biochemical Composition of the Tendon;20 5.2.2.1;1.2.2.1 Collagen;21 5.2.2.2;1.2.2.2 Elastin;21 5.2.2.3;1.2.2.3 Proteoglycans;21 5.2.3;1.2.3 Tendon Cells;22 5.2.4;1.2.4 Tendon Crimps;22 5.2.5;1.2.5 Vascularisation;23 5.2.6;1.2.6 Innervation;23 5.3;References;23 6;2: Tendon Biomechanics;25 6.1;2.1 Introduction;25 6.2;2.2 Composition and Structure;25 6.3;2.3 Mechanics;26 6.4;2.4 Mechanical Testing Methods;29 6.5;2.5 Experimental Factors Influencing Tendon Mechanics;30 6.6;2.6 Biological Factors Influencing Tendon Mechanics;31 6.7;References;32 7;3: Pathophysiology of Tendinopathy;33 7.1;3.1 Structure and Histology;33 7.2;3.2 Tenocytes;34 7.3;3.3 Extracellular Matrix;34 7.3.1;3.3.1 Ground Substance;35 7.4;3.4 Blood and Nerve Supply;35 7.5;3.5 Structural Regions in Tendons;36 7.6;3.6 Response to Load;36 7.7;3.7 Function and Mechanics of Tendons;37 7.8;3.8 Summary;37 7.9;3.9 Structural Changes in Tendon Pathology;37 7.10;3.10 Pathoaetiology;38 7.10.1;3.10.1 Continuum Model of Tendinopathy;38 7.11;3.11 Pain in Tendinopathy;39 7.12;3.12 Regional Changes in Tendinopathy;40 7.13;3.13 Epidemiology of Tendinopathy;40 7.14;3.14 Intrinsic Risk Factors;41 7.14.1;3.14.1 Genetics;42 7.14.2;3.14.2 Sex;42 7.14.3;3.14.3 Age;42 7.14.4;3.14.4 Medications;43 7.14.5;3.14.5 General Health;43 7.14.6;3.14.6 Flexibility and Joint Stiffness;44 7.14.7;3.14.7 Strength;44 7.15;3.15 Extrinsic Risk Factors;45 7.15.1;3.15.1 Load;45 7.16;References;45 8;4: Tendon Healing;55 8.1;4.1 Introduction;55 8.2;4.2 Tendon Homeostasis;55 8.2.1;4.2.1 Mechanism of Tendon Injury;56 8.2.1.1;4.2.1.1 Stages of Tendon Healing;56 8.2.1.2;4.2.1.2 Growth Factors;57 8.2.1.3;4.2.1.3 Tendon Healing of Intrasynovial and Extrasynovial Tendon;57 8.3;4.3 Rehabilitation;58 8.4;References;59 9;5: Muscle-Tendon Junction Injury;61 9.1;5.1 Introduction;61 9.2;5.2 Structure;61 9.3;5.3 Function;63 9.4;5.4 Injury;64 9.5;5.5 Recovery;66 9.6;5.6 Clinical Implications;67 9.7;References;69 10;6: MRI of Muscle and Tendon Pathology;71 10.1;6.1 Introduction;71 10.2;6.2 Standard MRI;72 10.2.1;6.2.1 Contrast-Enhanced MRI;72 10.2.2;6.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Angiography;72 10.2.3;6.2.3 Fusion Technology;73 10.2.4;6.2.4 Diffusion MRI;74 10.2.5;6.2.5 MR Elastography;74 10.2.6;6.2.6 Upright MRI;74 10.2.7;6.2.7 Dynamic MRI;75 10.3;6.3 Muscles;75 10.3.1;6.3.1 Trauma-Related Conditions;75 10.3.1.1;6.3.1.1 Minor Traumas;75 10.3.1.2;6.3.1.2 Major Traumas;76 10.3.2;6.3.2 Myofascial Disinsertion;77 10.3.3;6.3.3 Myotendinous Avulsion;77 10.3.4;6.3.4 Lesions Due to Compression Injury;77 10.3.5;6.3.5 Post-traumatic Degenerative Conditions;78 10.3.5.1;6.3.5.1 Post-traumatic Fibrosis;78 10.3.5.2;6.3.5.2 Metaplastic Ossification;79 10.3.5.3;6.3.5.3 Rhabdomyolysis;79 10.3.6;6.3.6 Compartmental Syndromes;79 10.3.6.1;6.3.6.1 Muscle Hernias;80 10.3.6.2;6.3.6.2 Neuromuscular Conditions;80 10.3.7;6.3.7 Neoplastic Disease;80 10.4;6.4 Tendons;80 10.4.1;6.4.1 Peritendinitis;81 10.4.2;6.4.2 Degenerative Tendinopathy;82 10.4.3;6.4.3 Partial Tears;82 10.4.4;6.4.4 Complete Tears;82 10.4.5;6.4.5 Tenosynovitis;82 10.4.6;6.4.6 Tenorrhaphy;83 10.5;Suggested Reading;83 11;7: Ultrasound of Muscle and Tendon Pathology;84 11.1;7.1 Introduction;84 11.2;7.2 B-Mode Ultrasound;84 11.3;7.3 Ultrasound Fusion;85 11.4;7.4 Elastography;85 11.5;7.5 Muscles;86 11.5.1;7.5.1 Trauma-Related Conditions;86 11.5.1.1;7.5.1.1 Minor Traumas;86 11.5.1.2;7.5.1.2 Major Traumas;86 11.5.2;7.5.2 Complete Ruptures;88 11.5.3;7.5.3 My