1;Dedication;5 2;Preface;7 3;Contents;9 4;Contributors;13 5;Imaging Anatomy in Revision Sinus Surgery;19 5.1;Introduction;19 5.2;Caldwell- Luc and Nasoantral Windows;20 5.3;Imaging Anatomy in Post- FESS Ostiomeatal Complex;20 5.4;Frontal Sinus Drainage Surgery;24 5.5;Endoscopic Sphenoidotomy;27 5.6;Negative Prognostic Findings Post- FESS Conclusion;28 5.7;References;28 6;Indications for Revision Endoscopic Sinus Surgery;31 6.1;Introduction;31 6.2;Indications for Surgery;32 6.3;Preoperative Workup;34 6.4;References;36 7;Predictors of Failure of Primary Surgery;37 7.1;Introduction;37 7.2;Patient Selection Factors;38 7.3;Comorbidities;38 7.4;Disease Factors;39 7.5;Conclusion;40 7.6;References;40 8;Pathophysiology of Inflammation in the Surgically Failed Sinus Cavity;43 8.1;Introduction;43 8.2;Intrinsic factors;44 8.3;External Factors;48 8.4;Environmental Factors;49 8.5;Acquired Immunodeficiency Disorders;49 8.6;Immunopathophysiology;50 8.7;Conclusion;50 8.8;References;50 9;Medical Management after Primary Surgery Failure and Preoperative Medical Management;55 9.1;Introduction;55 9.2;Etiological Evaluation and Preoperative Medical Treatment;56 9.3;Postoperative Care and Long-Term Medical Management to Prevent Recurrence;58 9.4;Future Directions;60 9.5;References;60 10;New Technologies for Revision Sinus Surgery;63 10.1;Introduction;63 10.2;Intraoperative Imaging;64 10.3;Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Simulator;65 10.4;Balloon Sinus Ostial Dilatation;67 10.5;References;68 11;Surgical Anatomy in Revision Sinus Surgery;71 11.1;Introduction;71 11.2;Nasal Cavity;72 11.3;Maxillary Sinus;72 11.4;Ethmoid Labyrinth;75 11.5;Sphenoid Sinus;76 11.6;Frontal Sinus;76 11.7;Conclusion;79 11.8;References;79 12;Surgical Instruments in Revision Endoscopic Sinus Surgery;81 12.1;Introduction and Background;81 12.2;Videoscopy and Visualization;82 12.3;Mucosal- Sparing Instrumentation;82 12.4;Powered Instrumentation;84 12.5;Modifications of Traditional Instruments;85 12.6;Image- Guided Instrumentation;86 12.7;Summary;86 12.8;References;87 13;Anesthetic Choices, Techniques, and Injections;89 13.1;Introduction;89 13.2;Anesthetic Choices;89 13.3;Pharmacology of General Anesthesia;90 13.4;Balanced Anesthesia Versus TIVA;91 13.5;Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics;91 13.6;Injections;92 13.7;Techniques;93 13.8;Conclusions;94 13.9;References;94 14;Tips and Pearls in Revision Sinus Surgery;97 14.1;Introduction;97 14.2;Patient Selection;98 14.3;Nasal Endoscopy;98 14.4;CT Scan Review;100 14.5;Preoperative Workup;101 14.6;Surgical Equipment;101 14.7;Surgical Technique;103 14.8;Postoperative Care;106 14.9;Conclusion;107 14.10;References;107 15;Septal and Turbinate Surgery in Revision Sinus Surgery;109 15.1;Introduction;109 15.2;Anatomy;109 15.3;Association with Rhinosinusitis;111 15.4;Preoperative Workup;111 15.5;Surgical Technique;111 15.6;References;117 16;Revision Endoscopic Surgery of the Ethmoid and Maxillary Sinus;119 16.1;Introduction ;119 16.2;Causes for Surgical Failures;119 16.3;Preoperative Workup and Indications;122 16.4;Technique;123 16.5;Complications;124 16.6;Postoperative Care;124 16.7;Outcomes;125 16.8;References;125 17;Revision Endoscopic Surgery of the Sphenoid Sinus;127 17.1;Introduction;127 17.2;Evaluation;127 17.3;Surgery;130 17.4;Postoperative Care and Outcomes;131 17.5;Conclusion;132 17.6;References;132 18;Endoscopic and Microscopic Revision Frontal Sinus Surgery;135 18.1;Introduction;135 18.2;Preoperative Workup;136 18.3;Surgical Technique;138 18.4;Postoperative Care;141 18.5;Outcomes and Complications;142 18.6;References;143 19;Revision Endoscopic Frontal Sinus Surgery;145 19.1;Introduction;145 19.2;Patient Selection/ Preoperative Evaluation;145 19.3;Preoperative Assessment/ Planning;146 19.4;Relevant Anatomy;147 19.5;Operative Techniques;148 19.6;Conclusions;152 19.7;References;152 20;Postoperative Medical Management;153 20.1;Introduction;153 20.2;Postoperative Debridement;154 20.3;Nasal Saline Irrigation and Lavage;155 20.4;Corticosteroids;155 2