1;Topics in DentalBiochemistry;2 1.1;Copyrightpage;3 1.2;Dedication;4 1.3;Preface;5 1.4;Contents;7 1.5;1: Necessary Basics: Elements, Isotopes, Ions, Chemical Reactions, Energy Metabolism, and Bacterial Structures;12 1.5.1;1.1.1. Atomic Structure: Elements and Isotopes;12 1.5.2;1.1.2. Isotopes Date Paleontology Samples Such as Teeth;15 1.5.3;1.1.3. Isotopes Indicate Ancient Life Forms and Climate Changes;16 1.5.4;1.1.4. The Elements in Biology;16 1.5.5;1.1.5. Fluorides;17 1.5.6;1.2.1. Chemical Bonds;17 1.5.7;1.2.2. Electrostatic Bonds;17 1.5.8;1.2.3. Covalent Bonds;18 1.5.9;1.2.4. Polarized Covalent Bonds;18 1.5.10;1.2.5. Hydrophobic Bonds;19 1.5.11;1.3.1. Mechanisms of Energy Production: Respiration and Fermentation;20 1.5.12;1.3.2. The Oral Microbiota, Dental Caries, and Periodontal Disease;21 1.5.13;1.4.1. Bacterial Cell Structures;25 1.5.14;1.4.2. The Bacterial Outer Surface;25 1.6;2: Photosynthesis and Sucrose Production;28 1.6.1;2.1.1. Role of Photosynthesis in Living Organisms;28 1.6.2;2.1.2. The Light Reaction;29 1.6.3;2.2.1. The Dark Reaction;32 1.6.4;2.2.2. Starch and Sucrose Provide the Carbon Skeletons of All Plant Compounds;35 1.6.5;2.2.3. Plants Are Autotrophs;35 1.6.6;2.3.1. Sucrose Is the Primary Transport Sugar and Plays a Central Role in Plant Growth and Development;37 1.7;3: The Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix and Its Major Components;39 1.7.1;3.1.1. Major Components of the Connective Tissue (Stromal) Matrix;39 1.7.2;3.1.2. Collagen;40 1.7.3;3.1.3. Elastic Fiber System;44 1.7.4;3.1.4. Glycosaminoglycans;46 1.7.5;3.1.5. Alveolar Bone, Teeth, and Periodontium;46 1.7.6;3.2.1. Cell Surface Binding: Integrins, Fibronectin, and Collagen;50 1.7.7;3.2.2. Thrombospondins and Transforming Growth Factor-ß;51 1.7.8;3.3.1. Stromal Nutrition;53 1.7.9;3.3.2. Stromal Turnover, Inflammation, and Bone Loss;54 1.8;4: Fibrillar and Non-fibrillar Collagens and Integrins;55 1.8.1;4.1.1. Fibrillar Collagens;55 1.8.2;4.2.1. Collagen Fiber Formation;60 1.8.3;4.2.2. Fiber Cross-Linking: Formation of b- and g-Tropocollagen;62 1.8.4;4.3.1. The Collagen Superfamily;65 1.8.5;4.3.2. Fiber-Modifying Non-fibrillar Collagens;65 1.8.6;4.3.3. General Structure of Non-fibrous Collagens;66 1.8.7;4.3.4. Beaded Collagen Filaments;66 1.8.8;4.4.1. Integrins and Regulation of Stromal Composition;68 1.9;5: Basal Laminas and Epithelia;74 1.9.1;5.1.1. Basal Lamina and its Stromal Attachment;74 1.9.2;5.1.2. Hemidesmosomal Proteins;76 1.9.3;5.1.3. Basal Lamina of the Dental Epithelial Attachment;80 1.9.4;5.2.1. General Structure of Skin, Oral and Junctional Epithelia;82 1.10;6: Elastic Fibers and Proteoglycans;90 1.10.1;6.1.1. Fibrillin;90 1.10.2;6.2.1. Elastin;94 1.10.3;6.3.1. Glycosaminoglycans;98 1.10.4;6.4.1. Proteo-Glycosaminoglycan Core Proteins and Cartilage Collagens;104 1.10.5;6.5.1. Major Collagen-Glycosaminoglycan Interactions;107 1.11;7: Collagen Synthesis, Genetic Diseases, and Scurvy;109 1.11.1;7.1.1. Intracellular Collagen Synthesis;109 1.11.2;7.2.1. Effects of Collagen Polypeptide Mutations;112 1.11.3;7.2.2. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS);113 1.11.4;7.3.1. Ascorbate and Antioxidants;117 1.12;8: The Zincins: Collagen Fiber Processing and Degradation;121 1.12.1;8.1.1. The Zincin Enzyme Family;121 1.12.2;8.1.2. Catalytic Action of the Metzincin Family;123 1.12.3;8.1.3. Metzincin Activation;125 1.12.4;8.2.1. Fibrillar Procollagen Processing;128 1.12.5;8.3.1. Matrilysins (MMPs) Hydrolyze Collagen and Stromal Proteins;132 1.12.6;8.3.2. Stromelysins;134 1.12.7;8.3.3. Enamelysin;134 1.12.8;8.3.4. Collagenases and Gelatinases;135 1.13; 9: Biological Mineralization;137 1.13.1;9.1.1. Fundamental Properties of Calcium Phosphate Precipitation;137 1.13.2;9.1.2. Nature of the Apatite Precipitate;138 1.13.3;9.1.3. Apatite Crystal Substitutions Influence Bone Strength and Solubility;139 1.13.4;9.1.4. Nucleation;139 1.13.5;9.2.1. The Structures of Bone, Dentin, and Cementum;140 1.13.6;9.2.2. Two Mechanisms of Mineralization;142 1.13.7;9.3.1. Secretion