Clinical investigation plays an essential role in the differential diagnosis, biomarker development, and therapy and cure of diseases. The book presents a bench-to-bed approach, with broad empirical coverage by experienced practitioners. The articles include topics like cytokine receptors in lung cancer, conduciveness of oxidative stress to carcinogenesis, safety and effectiveness of surgical correction of deformed chest, diagnostic and treatment regimens in inflammation-ridden obstructive lung conditions, alterations in growth hormone secretion leading to disorders of growth and metabolism, microbiota transplantation in pediatric patients, and the promising markers of renal epithelial injury. Yet another issue concerns the restructuring of chronic pain management by establishing the community-based specialized pain clinics. The book aims to disseminate and deliberate on the latest interdisciplinary medical knowledge to enhance clinical outcomes. Being a blend of clinical investigationand practice the book is addressed to physicians, scientists, and allied health care professionals.

Prognostic Value of Osteoprotegerin and sRANKL in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, W. Naumnik, I. Plonska, M. Ossolinska, J. Niklinski, and B. Naumnik

Melatonin and Metformin Diminish Oxidative Stress in Heart Tissue in a Rat Model of High Fat Diet and Mammary Carcinogenesis, N. Kurhaluk, B. Bojkova, M. Radkowski, O.V. Zaitseva, S. Kyriienko, U. Demkow, and P.J. Winklewski
Evaluation of the Implementation of Hospital Antibiotic Policy in Oncosurgery Ward: a Six-Year Experience, A. Nitsch-Osuch, D. Okrucinski, M. Dawgiallo, I. Golebiak, and E. Kuchar.-  Surgical Correction of Pectus Excavatum by the Nuss Procedure: a 15-Year Experience Study, P. Cierpikowski, A. Rzechonek, P. Blasiak, H. Lisowska, G. Pniewski, and P. Le Pivertl
Influence of Inhaled Corticosteroids on Bronchial Inflammation and Pulmonary Function in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with Moderate Obstruction, I. Toczyska, E. Zwolinska, and A. Chcialowski.-Association between Vitamin D and Carboxy-terminal Cross-Linked Telopeptide of Type I Collagen in Children during Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy, E. Witkowska-Sedek, A. Stelmaszczyk-Emmel, A. Kucharska, U. Demkow, and B. Pyrzak
Weight Disorders in Short Children, P. Tomaszewski, A. Majcher, K. Milde, and R. Stupnicki
Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin: a Biomarker for Early Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infections in Infants, G. Krzemien, M. Panczyk-Tomaszewska, D. Adamczuk, I. Kotula, U. Demkow, and A. Szmigielska
A Two-Week Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Course in Pediatric Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease, K. Karolewska-Bochenek, P. Grzesiowski, A. Banaszkiewicz, A. Gawronska, M. Kotowska, M. Dziekiewicz, P. Albrecht, A. Radzikowski, and I. Lazowska-Przeorek
Specialized Pain Clinics in Primary Care: Common Diagnoses, Referral Patterns and Clinical Outcomes - Novel Pain Management Model, Y. Fogelman, E. Carmeli, A. Minerbi, H. Baruch, and S. Vulfsons.