Nanoscience and Nanomaterials is a comprehensive guide to understanding the essentials of nanoscience. Readers are introduced to the foundational concepts of nanoscale science, including the definitions and historical background of nanoscience and nanotechnology. The book discusses the classification of nanomaterials, surface area effects, and the profound implications of quantum confinement effects and band gap engineering. It emphasizes the interdisciplinary nature of nanoscience, showcasing its integration across various scientific disciplines. It then delves into size effects at the nanoscale, elucidating the physics and chemistry behind phenomena observed at this level. Readers learn about size-dependent optical, electrical, magnetic, and catalytic properties of nanomaterials, as well as the electronic transport and mechanical properties of nanowires and nanotubes. The authors also explore thin films and surfaces, highlighting their size-dependent surface energy and reactivity, along with the role of strain and defects in nanomaterials. The book then shifts to fabrication in nanotechnology, providing an overview of nanofabrication techniques. Physical and chemical methods of nanofabrication are discussed in detail, including high-energy ball milling, chemical vapor condensation, lithography techniques, and various chemical synthesis methods. The authors then explore the tools and techniques employed in nanoscale research, offering insights into modern instrumentation used to study nanomaterials. Techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and spectroscopic methods are discussed, along with their applications in characterizing nanomaterials. Finally, they examine the diverse applications of nanotechnology across various sectors. Readers discover how nanotechnology is transforming fields such as medicine and healthcare, pollution remediation, energy, environmental sensing, green industrial applications, and food and agriculture.