Comprehensive overview of materials derived from biomass, including extraction techniques, important building blocks, and a wide range of applications

Plant Biomass Derived Materials provides insights into the different sources and kinds of biomass and covers a variety of techniques to derive important building blocks from raw resources; after foundational knowledge is covered, the text continues to discuss a comprehensive list of materials and applications, ranging from nanomaterials, polymers, enzymes, dyes, and composites, to applications in energy, biomedical, water purification, aeronautics, automotive and food applications, and more.

Written by four highly qualified authors with significant experience in both industry and academia, Plant Biomass Derived Materials includes information on:

• Biomass and its relationship to the environment, chemistry of biomass, lignin and starch, and recent trends of cashew nutshell liquid in the field
• Plant biomass mucilage, plant based colorants, revival of sustainable fungal based natural pigments, and algal-based natural pigments for textiles
• Biorefinery from plant biomass (including a case study in sugarcane straw), forest and agricultural biomass, and manufacture of monomers and precursors
• Chemical routes for the transformation of bio-monomers into polymers and manufacture of polymer composites from plant fibers

Providing foundational knowledge on the subject and a wide array of specific applications of biomass, Plant Biomass Derived Materials is an essential resource for chemists, materials scientists, and all academics and professionals in fields that intersect with biomass: an abundant renewable resource used for many diverse purposes.

Preface xix

1 Biomass - An Environmental Concern 1
Deepak S. Khobragade

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Biomass as an Energy Source 4

1.3 The Environmental Concern of Biomass 6

1.4 Air Pollution 7

1.4.1 Gaseous Emissions 7

1.4.2 Dust 7

1.4.3 Biomass Ash (Bottom Ash) 7

1.4.4 Fly Ash 8

1.4.5 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 8

1.5 Water Use and Water Pollution 8

1.6 Impact on Soil 9

1.7 Indoor Pollution 11

1.8 Deforestation and Land Degradation 11

1.9 Health Hazards 11

1.10 Non-respiratory Illness 11

1.10.1 In Children 11

1.10.1.1 Lower Birth Weight 11

1.10.1.2 Nutritional Deficiency 12

1.10.2 Respiratory Illness in Adults 12

1.10.2.1 Interstitial Lung Disease 12

1.10.2.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 12

1.10.2.3 Tuberculosis 12

1.10.2.4 Lung Cancer 12

1.10.3 Non-respiratory Illness in Adults 13

1.10.3.1 Cardiovascular Disease 13

1.10.3.2 Cataracts 13

1.11 Safe Disposal of Biomass 13

1.12 The Bioeconomy of the Biomass Utilization 15

1.13 Biowaste-Derived Functional Materials 15

1.14 Conclusion 16

References 17

2 Chemistry of Biomass 23
Wagner M. Cavalini, Breno M. Jóia, Diego E. R. Gonzaga, Rogério Marchiosi, Osvaldo Ferrarese-Filho, and dos Santos, Wanderley D.

2.1 Introduction 23

2.2 Cellulose 25

2.3 Hemicellulose 26

2.3.1 Xylans 27

2.3.2 Mannans 27

2.3.3 Arabinogalactans 28

2.4 Pectin 28

2.4.1 Homogalacturonan 29

2.4.1.1 Rhamnogalacturonan I 29

2.4.1.2 Rhamnogalacturonan II 29

2.5 Lignin 30

2.5.1 Lignin Valorization 31

2.6 Reserve Compounds 31

2.6.1 Starch 31

2.6.2 Sucrose 32

2.6.3 Lipids 33

2.6.3.1 Fatty Acids 33

2.6.3.2 Triacylglycerols 34

2.7 Natural Compounds (Secondary Metabolites) 34

2.7.1 Terpenoids 35

2.7.2 Phenylpropanoids 35

2.7.3 Alkaloids 36

2.8 Conclusion 36

References 37

3 Lignin from Biomass - Sources, Extraction, and Application 43
Irwan Kurnia, Surachai Karnjanakom, and Guoqing Guan

3.1 Sources 43

3.2 Extraction 45

3.2.1 Alkaline Process 47

3.2.1.1 Sulfur Processes 47

3.2.1.2 Sulfur-Free Processes 48

3.2.2 Acidic Process 48

3.2.2.1 Concentrated Acid Process (Klason Process) 49

3.2.2.2 Dilute Acid Process 49

3.2.3 Solvent-Assisted Extraction Processes 49

3.2.3.1 Organosolv Process 49

3.2.3.2 Aldehyde-Assisted Process 49

3.2.3.3 GVL-Assisted Process 50

3.2.3.4 Ionic Liquid Process 50

3.2.3.5 Deep Eutectic Solvents Process 51

3.2.4 Physical-Assisted Extraction Processes 51

3.2.4.1 Milled-Wood Process 51

3.2.4.2 Microwave-Assisted Process 51

3.2.5 Enzymatic Process 52

3.3 Application 53

3.3.1 Lignin-Derived Nanomaterials 53

3.3.1.1 Biomedical Materials 54

3.3.1.2 Energy Storage Materials 55

3.4 Summary and Outlook 57

Acknowledgments 57

References 58

4 Starch from Biomass - Sources, Extraction, and Application 63
Abdelaziz Amir, Trache Djalal, Sahnoun Nassima, and Tarchoune A. Fouzi

4.1 Introduction 63

4.1.1 Starch Source 63

4.1.2 Root and Tuber Starch Sources 63

4.1.2.1 Potato 63

4.1.2.2 Sweet Potato 65

4.1.2.3 Cassava 67

4.1.2.4 Yam 69

4.1.3 Cereal Starch Sources 70

4.1.3.1 Wheat 70

4.1.3.2 Corn 72

4.1.3.3 Rice 73

4.1.3.4 Oats 74

4.1.3.5 Barley 75

4.1.4 Nonconventional Starch Sources 76

4.1.4.1 Legumes 76

4.1.4.2 Fruits 77

4.2 Starch Extraction 80

4.2.1 Milling Process and its Effect on Starch Structure 80

4.2.1.1 Dry Millin