1;Foreword;5 2;Preface;6 3;Table of contents;8 4;1 Coronary Anatomy;10 4.1;1.1 Introduction;10 4.2;1.2 Physiological and Anatomical Bases;11 4.3;1.3 Normal Coronary Anatomy;14 4.3.1;1.3.1 Left Coronary Anatomy;15 4.3.1.1;1.3.1.1 Left Main Coronary Artery;15 4.3.1.2;1.3.1.2 Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery;15 4.3.1.3;1.3.1.3 The Circumflex Artery;16 4.3.2;1.3.2 Right Coronary Anatomy;16 4.3.2.1;1.3.2.1 Right Coronary Artery;16 4.3.2.2;1.3.2.2 Determination of Dominance;17 4.4;1.4 Visualization of the Normal Coronary Artery Tree ;17 4.4.1;1.4.1 Anatomy on Catheter Coronary Angiography;17 4.4.2;1.4.2 Anatomy on Multi-detector CT;17 4.5;1.5 Anomalies of the Coronary Artery Tree;27 4.5.1;1.5.1.1 Coronary Artery Fistula;27 4.5.2;1.5.1.2 Anomalous Origin of a Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Trunk ;28 4.5.3;1.5.1.3 Myocardial Bridging;29 4.6;1.5.2 Vessels Originating from the Contralateral Side, With an Interarterial Course;29 4.6.1;1.5.2.1 Right-Sided Left Coronary Artery;29 4.6.2;1.5.2.2 Left-Sided Right Coronary Artery;29 4.6.3;1.5.2.3 Congenital Coronary Anomalies Not Causing Myocardial Ischemia;32 4.7;References;33 5;2 Invasive Coronary Imaging;34 5.1;2.1 Conventional Catheterisation;34 5.1.1;2.1.1 The Development of Cardiac Catheterisation;34 5.1.1.1;2.1.1.1 Cardiac and Coronary Catheters;35 5.1.1.2;2.1.1.2 Cardiac Catheterisation Laboratories;36 5.1.1.3;2.1.1.3 Radiation Safety and Exposure;36 5.1.1.4;2.1.1.4 Coronary Contrast Injection;37 5.1.1.5;2.1.1.5 Views for Coronary Angiography;37 5.1.1.6;2.1.1.6 Quantifi cation of Coronary Angiography;37 5.1.2;2.1.2 Normal Coronary Anatomy;38 5.1.3;2.1.3 Arterial Dominance;38 5.1.3.1;2.1.3.1 Normal Variants;38 5.1.3.2;2.1.3.2 Muscle Bridge;38 5.1.3.3;2.1.3.3 Coronary Artery Anomalies Presenting in the Adult;39 5.1.4;2.1.4 Coronary Abnormalities Presenting in Infancy and Childhood;39 5.1.4.1;2.1.4.1 Coronary Fistulae;39 5.1.5;2.1.5 Risks of Coronary Angiography;40 5.1.5.1;2.1.5.1 Selection of Patients for Coronary Angiography;40 5.1.5.2;2.1.5.2 Development of Coronary Revascularisation;41 5.1.6;2.1.6 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention;41 5.1.6.1;2.1.6.1 Concomitant Pharmacological Therapy;45 5.1.6.2;2.1.6.2 Long-Term Outcome;46 5.1.6.3;2.1.6.3 Comparison with Bypass Surgery;47 5.1.6.4;2.1.6.4 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Versus Conservative Therapy;47 5.1.7;2.1.7 Alternative Strategies to the First Line Use of Coronary Angiography;47 5.1.8;References;47 5.2;2.2 Quantitative Coronary Arteriography;50 5.2.1;2.2.1 Introduction;50 5.2.2;2.2.2 Analog or Digital Image Acquisition and Analysis;52 5.2.3;2.2.3 Brief History of Quantitative Coronary Arteriography;52 5.2.4;2.2.4 Basic Principles of Quantitative Coronary Arteriography;53 5.2.4.1;2.2.4.1 Basic Principles of Automated Contour Detection;53 5.2.4.2;2.2.4.2 Calibration Procedure;55 5.2.4.3;2.2.4.3 Coronary Segment Analysis;55 5.2.4.4;2.2.4.4 The Flagging Procedure;56 5.2.4.5;2.2.4.5 Complex Vessel Morphology;58 5.2.4.6;2.2.4.6 Densitometry;59 5.2.4.7;2.2.4.7 Standardized QCA Methodology for Assessing Brachytherapy Trials;60 5.2.4.8;2.2.4.8 Standardized QCA Methodology for Drug-Eluting Stent Analyses;60 5.2.4.8.1;2.2.4.8.1 Definition and Assessment of the Segments Based on Markers or Physical Landmarks ;60 5.2.4.8.2;2.2.4.8.2 Definition and Assessment of the Segments Based on Biologically Relevant Landmarks ;61 5.2.4.8.3;2.2.4.8.3 Definition and Assessment of the "Normal" Segment ;62 5.2.4.8.4;2.2.4.8.4 Definition and Assessment of the Related Parts ;62 5.2.4.8.5;2.2.4.8.5 Data Collection and Reporting for Drug-Eluting Stent Trials;63 5.2.4.9;2.2.4.9 Ostial Analysis;63 5.2.4.10;2.2.4.10 Bifurcation Analysis;65 5.2.5;2.2.5 Guidelines;66 5.2.5.1;2.2.5.1 Guidelines for Catheter Calibration;66 5.2.5.2;2.2.5.2 Guidelines for QCA Acquisition Procedures;67 5.2.6;2.2.6 QCA Validation;68 5.2.6.1;2.2.6.1 Plexiglass Phantom Studies;68 5.2.6.2;2.2.6.2 In Vivo Plexiglass Plugs;69 5.2.6.3;2.2.6.3 Inter- and Intra-observer and Shor