Sepsis and infection are the major enemies of the intensivecare patient in whom immunological defenses are severelyimpaired. This major problem is thefocus of attention inthis book, based on the presentation of the FirstInternational Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma,Shock, and Sepsis, which is one of the first attempts toexchange ideas on the state-of-the-art in this area ofimmunology. Both basic and clinical research, including newcentres of attention, are described. The growing role ofimmunology in medicine opens new avenues to the under-standing of trauma and sepsis and will allow the design ofnovel therapeutic approaches.

Section 1 General Aspects

The Immune Consequences of Trauma: An Overview
Trauma: Immune Deficiency, Immune Suppression, or Just Immune Cell Redistribution?
Neuroendocrine Response to Severe Trauma and Sepsis
Section 2 Trauma and Specific Immune Mechanisms
2.1 Monocyte T-Cell Interaction and Its Mediators
Regulation of Hematopoiesis by Growth Factors: Proliferation of the Murine Macrophage as a Model for Stimulatory and Inhibitory Effects
The Activation of Immune Effector Cells: Role of Helper and Inflammatory CD4 T Cell Subsets
The Role of Inhibitory Cells in Burn Trauma-Associated Immunodeficiency
Macrophage - T-Cell Interactions in Surgical Sepsis
The Relationship Between T Cells and Interleukin 1
Trauma-Induced Alterations of the Lymphokine Cascade
Alterations of Monocyte Function Following Major Injury
Possible Use of the Monocyte/Macrophage Activation Marker Neopterin for Clinical Monitoring of Sepsis-Related Multiorgan Failure
Expression of Functional Interleukin 2 Receptors in Burn Patients May Be Regulated by Interleukin 3
Role of Monocyte HLA-DR Expression Following Trauma in Predicting Clinical Outcome
Early Alterations in HLA Class II Expression and Response to Tetanus Toxoid by Peripheral Blood Monocytes from Patients with Injury from Burns or Trauma
Lymphocyte Surface Antigen Expression Following Lectin Stimulation: An Index of Early T-Cell Dysfunction After Controlled Murine Injury
Role of T-Cell Lymphocyte Populations and Their Products as Mediators of Immune Depression in Thermal Burns
2.2 Trauma and B-Cell Function
The Influence of Mechanical Trauma on the B-Cell System: Phenotypes, Terminal B-Cell Maturation, Immunoglobulin Synthesis and Influence of Lymphokines
Activation of B Cells Spontaneously Secreting Ig After Surgery
Section 3 Trauma and Non-Specific Immune Mechanisms
Pathobiochemical Mechanisms in Inflammation
Cytokines and Oxygen Radical Responses
Structure and Properties of a Novel Neutrophil-Activating Factor (NAF) Produced by Human Monocytes
The Effect of Injury on Murine Neutrophil Oxidative Metabolism
Opsonophagocytosis in Patients Undergoing Abdominal Surgery
Effects of Pyocyanine, Liberated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, on the Oxidative Burst of Phagocytes
Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Function Following Burn and Mechanical Injury: Regulation and Kinetics
The Role of Complement in Injury
Control of Acute-Phase Protein Production
Elastase from Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes, Complement and C-Reactive Protein in Multiple Trauma Patients
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Phagocytosis, Respiratory Burst, Intracellular pH, and Cytosolic Free Calcium of Granulocytes of Post-traumatic and Septic Patients
Cellular and Humoral Reactions of the Nonspecific Immune System of Polytraumatized Patients with and without and the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Granulocyte Adherence in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery Under Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Studies on the Release of Lipoxygenase Products from Granulocytes of Severely Burned Patients
Section 4 Endotoxin, Prostaglandin, and other Triggers of Trauma-Induced Immunosuppression
Immune Modulation by Microorganisms
Endotoxin-Induced Impairment of Host Defenses
Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes in Monocyte/T Cell Function in Stress and Trauma
Serum Mediators and the Generation of Immune Suppression
Trauma Peptide T-Cell Suppression: Mechanisms of Action
Role of Platelet-Activating Factor and Structurally Related Alkyl Phospholipids in Immune and Cytotoxic Processes
Regulatory Role of Platelet-Activating Factor on Cytokine Production
Potential Role for Platelet-Activating Factor and Tumor Necrosis Factor in the Immune Impairments in Shock and Trauma
Suppression of Endotoxin-Induced Monokine Release by Human Serum Fractions
Role of Corticosteroids in the Pathogenesis of Posttraumatic Thymic Involution
Section 5 Immunology of the Skin and Wound Healing
Immunology of Skin
Immune Regulation of Wound Healing
Aspects of Immunological Control of Compensatory Organ Growth
Section 6 Impact of Therapeutic Regimen on Immune Function
Relationship Between Immune Function and Posttrauma Morbidity and Mortality
Immunological Alterations Following Simple Hemorrhage
Blood Transfusions: The Immunologic Sequelae
Nutrition and Resistance to Sepsis
The Gut-Origin Septic States
The Influence of Anesthetic Agents on the Immune Response: A Crucial Factor in Immune Suppression?
Comparison of the Effects of General Endotracheal and Epidural Anesthesia on the Immune Functions
Effect of Splenectomy Upon the Antibody Response to Pneumococcal Immunization
Surgical Aspects of AIDS
Section 7 Restoration of Impaired Immune Response: In Vitro Models and Clinical Trials
Immunomodulation and the Surgeon
Immune Consequences of the Acute Stress Response and Sepsis
Immunomodulation in Animal Models of Injury
Use of Plasma Exchange in Thermally Injured Patients
In Vivo Infusion of a Single Dose of Endotoxin in Healthy Humans Causes In Vitro Alterations of Both T-Cell and Adherent Cell Functions
Treatment of Burn Patients with Polymyxin B: Effects on Lymphokine Regulation
Mechanisms of Neutralization of Endotoxin by Monoclonal IgG Antibodies to Lipopolysaccharide
Investigations to Demonstrate the Antibacterial and Antitoxic Efficacy of an IgM-Enriched Intravenous, Immunoglobulin Preparation
Therapy of Secondary T-Cell Immunodeficiencies with Biological Substances and Drugs
Immunomodulation as a Potential Therapeutic Approach in Immunodeficiencies
Perioperative Immunomodulation in Patients with Major Surgical Trauma
Effect of Therapeutic Gamma-Interferon Administration on Wound Infection After Resuscitated Hemorrhagic Shock.