1;Non-Surgical Treatment of Keratinocyte Skin Cancer;2 1.1;Title Page;3 1.2;Copyright page;4 1.3;Preface;5 1.4;Contents;6 1.5;Contributors;9 1.6;Chapter 1;12 1.6.1;From Precursor to Cancer: Field Cancerization and the Opportunities for Therapy;12 1.6.1.1;1.1 Actinic Keratoses and Squamous Cell Carcinoma;13 1.6.1.2;1.2 Basal Cell Carcinoma;15 1.6.1.3;1.3 Malignant Melanoma;15 1.6.1.4;1.4 Treatment of Field Change;16 1.6.1.5;References;17 1.7;Chapter 2;19 1.7.1;When Is a Skin Cancer a Cancer: The Histopathologist's View;19 1.7.1.1;2.1 Field Cancerization from the Dermatopathologist's Point of View;19 1.7.1.2;2.2 Histologic Diagnosis of Skin Cancers;21 1.7.1.3;2.3 Advanced Diagnostic Techniques;22 1.7.1.4;References;23 1.8;Chapter 3;25 1.8.1;Epidemiology of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer;25 1.8.1.1;3.1 Introduction;25 1.8.1.2;3.2 Descriptive Epidemiology;25 1.8.1.3;3.3 Incidence;26 1.8.1.3.1;3.3.1 Basal Cell Carcinoma;26 1.8.1.3.1.1;3.3.1.1 Gender and Age Distribution;26 1.8.1.3.1.2;3.3.1.2 Trends in BCC Incidence;26 1.8.1.3.1.3;3.3.1.3 Body-Site Distribution and Histological Classification of BCC;28 1.8.1.3.2;3.3.2 Squamous Cell Carcinoma;28 1.8.1.3.2.1;3.3.2.1 Gender and Age Distribution;28 1.8.1.3.2.2;3.3.2.2 Body-Site Distribution;28 1.8.1.3.2.3;3.3.2.3 Trends in SCC Incidence;28 1.8.1.4;3.4 Methodological Problems in Studying NMSC Incidence;29 1.8.1.5;3.5 NMSC Prognosis and Mortality;29 1.8.1.6;3.6 All-Cause Mortality;30 1.8.1.7;3.7 Risk of De Novo Occurrence of NMSC;30 1.8.1.7.1;3.7.1 Risk of Other Malignancy After NMSC;30 1.8.1.7.2;3.7.2 Risk of Other Malignancy After BCC;30 1.8.1.7.3;3.7.3 Risk of Other Malignancies After SCC;31 1.8.1.8;3.8 Methodological Problems in Studying Relative Effects of NMSC;31 1.8.1.9;3.9 Economic and Social Impact;32 1.8.1.10;3.10 Take Home Pearls;32 1.8.1.11;References;32 1.9;Chapter 4;35 1.9.1;Genetics of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers and Associated Familial Syndromes;35 1.9.1.1;4.1 Introduction to Cancer Genetics;35 1.9.1.1.1;4.1.1 Genetic Basis of Familial Cancer Syndromes;36 1.9.1.2;4.2 Genetic Targets in Sporadic Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers (NMSCs);37 1.9.1.2.1;4.2.1 TP53 in NMSCs;37 1.9.1.2.1.1;4.2.1.1 p53 in BCCs;37 1.9.1.2.1.2;4.2.1.2 p53 in SCCs;38 1.9.1.2.2;4.2.2 RAS in NMSCs;38 1.9.1.2.3;4.2.3 CDKN2A in NMSCs;38 1.9.1.3;4.3 Cancer Syndromes with Established Genetic Defects;39 1.9.1.3.1;4.3.1 Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome (OMIM 109400);39 1.9.1.3.1.1;4.3.1.1 Cutaneous Findings;39 1.9.1.3.1.2;4.3.1.2 Extracutaneous Findings;40 1.9.1.3.1.3;4.3.1.3 Patched Gene and Sonic Hedgehog;40 1.9.1.3.2;4.3.2 Xeroderma Pigmentosum (OMIM 194400, 278700-278800);40 1.9.1.3.2.1;4.3.2.1 Cutaneous Findings;41 1.9.1.3.2.2;4.3.2.2 Extracutaneous Findings;41 1.9.1.3.2.3;4.3.2.3 Nucleotide Excision Repair Pathways;42 1.9.1.3.3;4.3.3 Muir-Torre Syndrome (OMIM 158320);42 1.9.1.3.3.1;4.3.3.1 Cutaneous Findings;43 1.9.1.3.3.2;4.3.3.2 Extracutaneous Findings;43 1.9.1.3.3.3;4.3.3.3 Mismatch Repair Pathways;44 1.9.1.4;4.4 Cancer Syndromes Without Established Genetic Defects;44 1.9.1.4.1;4.4.1 Syndromes with Basal Cell Carcinomas;44 1.9.1.4.1.1;4.4.1.1 Bazex Syndrome (OMIM 301845);44 1.9.1.4.2;4.4.2 Rombo Syndrome (OMIM 180730);44 1.9.1.4.3;4.4.3 Syndromes with Squamous Cell Carcinomas;44 1.9.1.4.3.1;4.4.3.1 Multiple Self-Healing Squamous Epithelioma (OMIM 132800);44 1.9.1.4.3.2;4.4.3.2 Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis (OMIM 226400);45 1.9.1.5;References;45 1.10;Chapter 5;49 1.10.1;Environmental Risk Factors for Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers;49 1.10.1.1;5.1 Solar Ultraviolet Radiation;49 1.10.1.2;5.2 Human Papilloma Virus;51 1.10.1.3;5.3 Immunosuppression;52 1.10.1.3.1;5.3.1 Iatrogenic Immunosuppression;52 1.10.1.3.2;5.3.2 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS);53 1.10.1.4;5.4 Phototherapy;53 1.10.1.4.1;5.4.1 Psoralen and Ultraviolet-A (PUVA) Therapy;53 1.10.1.4.2;5.4.2 Ultraviolet-B Phototherapy;54 1.10.1.5;5.5 Ionising Radiation;54 1.10.1.6;5.6 Occupational Factors;55 1.10.1.7;5.7 Arsenic;56 1.10.1.8;5.8 Tobacco Smoking and Diet;5