1;Foreword;5 2;Preface;6 3;Table of Contents;7 4;1 Embryology and Anatomy of the Neonatal Chest;9 4.1;1.1 Embryology;9 4.1.1;1.1.1 Introduction;9 4.1.2;1.1.2 Early Embryonic Development;9 4.1.3;1.1.3 Embryology of the Airway and Lungs;10 4.1.3.1;1.1.3.1 The Maturation of the Lungs;10 4.1.3.2;1.1.3.2 The Blood Supply of the Lungs;11 4.1.4;1.1.4 Embryology of the Heart;11 4.1.4.1;1.1.4.1 The Primitive Heart Tube;11 4.1.4.2;1.1.4.2 Early Chamber Formation;11 4.1.4.3;1.1.4.3 Development of the Heart Wall;12 4.1.4.4;1.1.4.4 Folding of the Heart;12 4.1.4.5;1.1.4.5 Development of the Atria;12 4.1.4.6;1.1.4.6 Development of the Atrial Septum;12 4.1.4.7;1.1.4.7 Development of the Ventricles, the Atrioventricular Canals, the Valves and the Outflflow Tracts;13 4.1.5;1.1.5 Embryology of the Oesophagus;13 4.1.6;1.1.6 Embryology of the Diaphragm;13 4.1.7;1.1.7 Embryology of the Thoracic Wall;14 4.1.7.1;1.1.7.1 Vertebrae;14 4.1.7.2;1.1.7.2 Ribs;14 4.1.7.3;1.1.7.3 Sternum;14 4.1.7.4;1.1.7.4 Intercostal Muscles and Dermis;15 4.2;1.2 Anatomy of Neonatal Chest Radiology;15 4.2.1;1.2.1 Introduction;15 4.2.2;1.2.2 Airway and Lungs;15 4.2.3;1.2.3 Heart and Great Vessels;15 4.2.4;1.2.4 Thymus;16 4.2.5;1.2.5 The Chest Wall and Diaphragm;17 4.3;References;18 5;2 Update on Clinical Management of Neonatal Chest Conditions;19 5.1;2.1 Introduction;19 5.2;2.2 Ventilatory Support;19 5.2.1;2.2.1 Continuous Positive Airway Pressure;20 5.2.2;2.2.2 Continuous Mandatory Ventilation;22 5.2.3;2.2.3 High Frequency Ventilation;26 5.2.4;2.2.4 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation;30 5.2.5;2.2.5 Liquid Ventilation;34 5.3;2.3 New Drug Therapies;37 5.3.1;2.3.1 Surfactant;37 5.3.2;2.3.2 Nitric Oxide;42 5.4;2.4 Prenatal Medicine;45 5.5;2.5 Conclusion;48 5.6;Reference;48 6;3 Computed and Digital Radiography in Neonatal Chest Examination;54 6.1;3.1 General Considerations;54 6.1.1;3.1.1 Indications;54 6.1.2;3.1.2 Radiographic Technique;55 6.1.3;3.1.3 Expected Findings, Normal Variants and Artefacts;56 6.1.3.1;3.1.3.1 The Normal Neonatal Chest Radiograph;56 6.1.3.2;3.1.3.2 Nasogastric, Replogle and Endotracheal Tubes;57 6.1.3.3;3.1.3.3 Umbilical Arterial/Venous Catheters;59 6.1.3.4;3.1.3.4 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Catheters (ECMO);59 6.1.3.5;3.1.3.5 Chest/Mediastinal Drains;60 6.1.3.6;3.1.3.6 Normal Variants and Artefacts;60 6.2;3.2 Digital Radiographic Systems;60 6.2.1;3.2.1 Acquisition Techniques;60 6.2.1.1;3.2.1.1 Introduction;60 6.2.1.2;3.2.1.2 Digitising Analogue Images;61 6.2.1.3;3.2.1.3 Computed Radiography (CR);61 6.2.1.4;3.2.1.4 Direct Digital Radiography (DR);62 6.3;3.3 Digital Image Optimisation;62 6.3.1;3.3.1 Image Display;62 6.3.1.1;3.3.1.1 Hard Copy Versus Soft Copy;62 6.3.1.2;3.3.1.2 DICOM;63 6.3.1.3;3.3.1.3 Matrix Size of Digital Systems and Monitors;64 6.3.2;3.3.2 Image Processing;64 6.3.2.1;3.3.2.1 Introduction;64 6.3.2.2;3.3.2.2 Pre-processing;64 6.3.2.3;3.3.2.3 Post-processing;65 6.3.2.3.1;3.3.2.3.1 Non-Linear Grey-Scale Enhancement;65 6.3.2.3.2;3.3.2.3.2 Edge Enhancement;65 6.4;3.4 Digital Image Quality;67 6.4.1;3.4.1 Introduction;67 6.4.2;3.4.2 Image Quality and Radiation Dose Considerations;68 6.4.3;3.4.3 Strategies for Dose Reduction andImage Optimisation;70 6.5;3.5 Computer-Aided Diagnosis;70 6.6;References;71 7;4 Hyaline Membrane Disease and Complications of Its Treatment;74 7.1;4.1 Introduction;74 7.2;4.2 Pathophysiology;74 7.3;4.3 Radiographic Findings and New Treatments;75 7.4;4.4 Air Leaks;80 7.5;4.5 Atelectasis;81 7.6;4.6 Pneumonia;82 7.7;4.7 Pulmonary Haemorrhage;82 7.8;4.8 Neonatal Chronic Lung Disease;83 7.9;4.9 Conclusion;85 7.10;References;86 8;5 Transient Tachypnoea of the Newborn;87 8.1;5.1 Introduction;87 8.2;5.2 Pathophysiology and Clinical Course;87 8.3;5.3 Radiographic Findings;88 8.4;5.4 Conclusion;89 8.5;References;89 9;6 Meconium Aspiration;90 9.1;6.1 Introduction;90 9.2;6.2 Pathophysiology of Meconium Passage;91 9.3;6.3 Pathophysiology of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome;91 9.4;6.4 Infl ammation;93 9.5;6.5 Signs and Symptoms;