1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Energy supply in general
1.2 Electrochemical and non-electrochemical energy storage technologies
1.3 Basic characteristics of batteries, similarities and differences
1.4 Bridging time
1.5 Comparison of battery technologies
1.6 Applications and classification of batteries in overall systems
 
2 ELECTROCHEMICAL BASICS
2.1 Basic electrochemical terms
2.2 Electrochemical thermodynamics
2.3 Electrochemical kinetics
2.4 Equivalent circuit diagrams
2.5 Secondary reactions
 
3 CHARGING AND DISCHARGING CELLS AND BATTERIES
3.1 Definitions of capacitance and internal resistance
3.2 Definition of charging and discharging batteries
3.3 Discharging and charging of electrodes of a cell
3.4 Series connection of electrode interactions of electrodes on each other
3.5 Discharging and charging electrodes in a cell
3.6 Effects of short-circuiting a cell in series connection
3.7 Fault propagation, parallel battery strings and others
 
4 DESIGN OF ELECTRODES, CELLS AND COMPLETE BATTERY SYSTEMS
4.1 Electrochemical requirements for the structure of active materials
4.2 Design of cells
4.3 Combined ion and electron conductivity of electrodes
4.4 Cell housing and battery systems
 
5 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CELLS AND BATTERIES
5.1 Inhomogeneous heat capacity and anisotropic heat conduction
5.2 Heat source density
5.3 Heat exchange with the environment
5.4 Heat balance
5.5 Temperature effects
5.6 Determination of thermal parameters
 
6 AGING CHARACTERISTICS OF BATTERIES AND CELLS
6.1 Classification of aging processes
6.2 Service life
6.3 Limits of service life
6.4 Service life prediction methods
 
7 CONDITION DETERMINATION OF CELLS AND BATTERIES
7.1 Motivation
7.2 State of charge and depth of discharge
7.3 State of health and state of function
7.4 State of safety
 
8 BATTERY MODELS
8.1 Classification, use and limitations of models
8.2 Equivalent circuit models
8.3 Models with charge-state independent parameters: the Shepherd model
8.4 Models with charge-state dependent parameters
8.5 Sequence of simulations
8.6 Comparison of models
8.7 Modeling of larger systems
 
9 PARAMETER DETERMINATION
9.1 Definition
9.2 Determination by physicochemical methods
9.3 Quiescent voltage curve
9.4 Internal resistance determination with current or voltage pulses
9.5 Short circuit current
9.6 Parameterization for the Randles model from pulse loads (measurement in the time domain)
9.7 Parameterization by measurement of impedance spectrum (measurement in frequency domain)
9.8 Measurement of the AC internal resistance
9.9 Parameterization of the Randles model over all operating conditions
 
10 BATTERY ANALYSIS
10.1 Method overview
10.2 Evaluation of changes in electrical parameters
10.3 Electrochemical analysis methods
10.4 Chemical and spectroscopic methods - post-mortem analysis methods
10.5 In-situ analysis techniques
10.6 Summary
 
11 OVERVIEW OF BATTERY SYSTEMS
11.1 Physicochemical data and characteristics
11.2 Investment and operating costs
11.3 Market structure
11.4 Availability of information
11.5 Standardization density
 
12 LEAD-ACID BATTERIES
12.1 Introduction and economic significance
12.2 Electrochemistry
12.3 Other electrochemical reactions
12.4 Active materials
12.5 Electrolyte
12.6 Current collectors, grids
12.7 Manufacturing process and other components for the production of cells or blocks
12.8 Current inhomogeneity
12.9 Acid layering
12.10 Design and design differences in various applications