Chapter I. Introduction<br> <br>Part I X-ray techniques<br>Chapter 2. X-ray Diffraction<br>Chapter 3. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy<br>Chapter 4. Photoemission spectroscopy for energy storage materials<br>Chapter 5. Application of X-ray pair distribution function (PDF) to investigate battery systems<br>Chapter 6. X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy<br>Chapter 7. X-ray Tomography Microscopy<br>Chapter 8. Transmission X-ray Microscopy<br>Chapter 9. Coherent X-ray Diffraction Imaging <br> <br>Part II. Neutron techniques<br>Chapter 10. A General Introduction of Neutron Techniques<br>Chapter 11. Neutron Diffraction for Energy Storage Materials<br>Chapter 12. Neutron Scattering<br>Chapter 13. Neutron Depth Profile<br>Chapter 14. Neutron Imaging<br> <br>Part III. Optical techniques<br>Chapter 15. UV-Vis Spectroscopy for Energy Storage and Related Materials<br>Chapter 16. Raman Spectroscopy<br>Chapter 17. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy<br>Chapter 18. Optical Microscopy<br> <br>Part IV. Microwave techniques<br>Chapter 19. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance <br>Chapter 20. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance <br> <br>Part V. Electron techniques<br> <br>Chapter 21. Morphology dependent energy storage performance of supercapacitors and batteries: Scanning Electron Microscopy as an essential tool for material characterization<br>Chapter 22. Transmission Electron Microscopy<br>Chapter 23. Cryo-Electron Microscopy<br>Chapter 24. Structural/chemical characterization of alkali-ion battery materials using electron energy-loss spectroscopy coupled with transmission electron microscopy<br>Chapter 25. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy<br> <br>Part VI. Advanced techniques<br>Chapter 26. Combined in-situ techniques<br>Chapter 27. Non-destructive techniques<br>