1;Preface;5 2;Synopsis;7 3;Contents;8 4;Contributors;19 5;PART I INTRODUCTION;27 5.1;Introduction;28 5.1.1;1.1 What is Pediatric Surgery?;28 5.1.2;1.2 Timing of Operations in Pediatric Surgical Patients;30 5.1.3;1.3 Preoperative Management;31 5.1.4;1.4 The Newborn as a Pediatric Surgical Patient;33 6;PART II GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS;37 6.1;Enteral/ Parenteral Nutrition in Infants and Children;38 6.1.1;2.1 Nutrition of the Newborn;38 6.1.2;2.2 Vascular Access in Infants and Children;44 6.1.3;2.3 Parenteral Nutrition;52 6.1.4;2.4 Dehydration/ Rehydration;60 6.1.5;2.5 Antibiotics;67 6.1.6;3.1 Systemic Infections in Newborns;75 6.2;Emergencies/ Resuscitation;75 6.2.1;3.2 Shock;76 6.2.2;3.3 Hypoglycemia;82 6.2.3;3.4 Acid- Base Balance;83 6.2.4;3.5 Resuscitation;86 6.2.5;3.6 Ventilation;97 6.2.6;3.7 Circulatory Resuscitation;103 6.2.7;3.8 Defibrillation;106 6.2.8;4.1 Blood Transfusion;108 6.3;Blood/ Blood Products Transfusion;108 6.3.1;4.2 Platelet Transfusion;111 6.3.2;4.3 Fresh Frozen Plasma Transfusion;111 6.3.3;5.1 WHO Grades for Analgesia;112 6.4;Pain Management;112 6.4.1;6.1 General Considerations;114 6.5;Wounds/ Surgical Techniques;114 6.5.1;6.2 Wound Healing;115 6.5.2;6.3 Common Types of Surgical Incisions;117 6.5.3;6.4 Skin Flaps;120 6.5.4;6.5 Skin Grafts;122 6.5.5;6.6 Surgical Sutures;123 6.5.6;7.1 General Considerations;138 6.6;Minimal Invasive Surgery Principles;138 6.6.1;7.2 Instrumentation;140 6.6.2;7.3 Indications;141 6.6.3;7.4 Ergonomics;143 6.6.4;8.1 General Considerations;145 6.7;Imaging in Pediatric Surgery;145 6.7.1;8.2 Common Radiographic Images;146 6.7.2;8.3 Nomograms for Organ Size;155 6.7.3;8.4 Conventional X- rays;159 6.7.4;8.5 Ultrasonography;161 6.7.5;9.1 General Considerations;167 6.8;Expert Opinion;167 6.8.1;9.2 Examination of the Musculoskeletal Apparatus;168 6.8.2;9.3 Anthropometric Measures;170 6.8.3;10.1 The Polytraumatized Child;185 6.9;Special Situations;185 6.9.1;10.2 Child Abuse;191 6.9.2;11.1 Skull;198 6.10;Birth Trauma;198 6.10.1;11.2 Extremities;199 6.10.2;12.1 Congenital Osteocutaneous Defect;201 6.10.3;12.2 Encephalocele;201 6.11;Skull;201 6.11.1;12.3 Hydrocephalus;203 6.11.2;12.4 Craniosynostosis;207 6.11.3;12.5 Brain Injuries;209 6.11.4;12.6 Skull Fractures;213 6.11.5;13.1 Spina Bifida/ Meningocele/ Myelomeningocele;215 6.12;Spinal Column;215 6.12.1;14.1 Oral Cavity;220 6.13;Face;220 6.13.1;14.2 Face;222 6.13.2;15.1 Median and Lateral Neck Masses;231 6.14;Neck;231 6.14.1;15.2 Congenital Malformations;232 6.14.2;15.3 Infections;237 6.14.3;16.1 General Considerations;243 6.15;Thorax;243 6.15.1;16.2 Chest Wall;257 6.15.2;16.3 Pleura and Pleural Cavity;275 6.15.3;16.4 Laryngotracheal Lesions;284 6.15.4;16.5 Lung;291 6.15.5;16.6 Mediastinum;317 6.15.6;17.1 Diaphragmatic Hernia;320 6.16;Diaphragm;320 6.16.1;17.2 Fetoscopic Approach ( FETENDO);325 6.16.2;17.3 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation;326 6.16.3;17.4 Diaphragmatic Eventration;327 6.16.4;17.5 Gastroesophageal Reflux/ Paraesophageal Hernia;329 6.16.5;17.6 Traumatic Diaphragm Rupture;336 6.16.6;18.1 Esophageal Stenosis;338 6.17;Esophagus;338 6.17.1;18.2 Corrosive Esophagitis;342 6.17.2;>;343 6.17.3;18.3 Achalasia;345 6.17.4;18.4 Esophageal Atresia;348 6.17.5;18.5 Esophagotracheal H- Fistulas;362 6.17.6;18.6 Esophageal Dilatation;364 6.17.7;18.7 Esophageal Varices;364 6.17.8;19.1 Umbilical Hernia;367 6.18;Abdominal Wall;367 6.18.1;19.2 Supraumbilical Hernia;369 6.18.2;19.3 Omphaloenteric Duct;371 6.18.3;19.4 Urachal Cysts/ Urachal Fistulas;373 6.18.4;19.5 Inguinal Hernia;375 6.18.5;19.6 Femoral Hernia;379 6.18.6;19.7 Other Types of Hernias;381 6.18.7;19.8 Hydrocele;381 6.18.8;19.9 Omphalocele ( Exomphalos);383 6.18.9;19.10 Laparoschisis (Gastroschisis);388 6.18.10;20.1 Principles of Abdominal Surgery;393 6.18.11;20.2 Organ Anatomy;393 6.19;Abdomen;393 6.19.1;20.3 Anatomical Abdominal Particularities in Children;398 6.19.2;20.4 Abdominal Incisions;398 6.19.3;20.5 Common Bowel Surgical Techniques;400 6.19.4;21.1 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric S