1;Dedication;5 2;Contents;6 3;Contributors;8 4;Part I: Basics;11 4.1;Chapter 1;12 4.1.1;Introduction;12 4.2;Chapter 2;14 4.2.1;Neuroanatomy and Cortical Landmarks;14 4.2.1.1;2.1 Neuroanatomy and Cortical Landmarks of Functional Areas;14 4.2.1.1.1;2.1.1 Sensorimotor Cortex;14 4.2.1.1.1.1;2.1.1.1 Transverse Sections;14 4.2.1.1.1.2;2.1.1.2 Sagittal Sections;17 4.2.1.1.2;2.1.2 The Insula;18 4.2.1.1.2.1;2.1.2.1 Sagittal Sections;18 4.2.1.1.2.2;2.1.2.2 Transverse Sections;18 4.2.1.1.3;2.1.3 Speech Associated Frontal Areas;19 4.2.1.1.3.1;2.1.3.1 Transverse Sections;19 4.2.1.1.3.2;2.1.3.2 Sagittal Sections;19 4.2.1.1.4;2.1.4 Auditory Cortex and Speech Associated Temporo-Parietal Areas;20 4.2.1.1.4.1;2.1.4.1 Transverse Sections;20 4.2.1.1.4.2;2.1.4.2 Sagittal Sections;21 4.2.1.1.4.3;2.1.4.3 Coronal Sections;21 4.2.1.1.5;2.1.5 Visual Cortex;21 4.2.1.1.5.1;2.1.5.1 Sagittal Sections;21 4.2.1.2;References;21 4.3;Chapter 3;23 4.3.1;Spatial Resolution of fMRI Techniques;23 4.3.1.1;3.1 Introduction;23 4.3.1.2;3.2 Vascular Structure and Hemodynamic Response;23 4.3.1.3;3.3 Spatial Resolution of BOLD fMRI;24 4.3.1.4;3.4 Perfusion-Based fMRI Approaches;27 4.3.1.5;References;28 4.4;Chapter 4;30 4.4.1;The Electrophysiological Background of the fMRI Signal;30 4.4.1.1;4.1 Introduction;30 4.4.1.2;4.2 The Compound Neural Signal;31 4.4.1.3;4.3 The Passive Electric Properties of the Brain;32 4.4.1.4;4.4 The Neural Correlate of the BOLD Signal;34 4.4.1.5;4.5 The Coupling of Synaptic Activity and CBF;37 4.4.1.6;4.6 Conclusions;39 4.4.1.7;References;39 4.5;Chapter 5;41 4.5.1;High-Field fMRI;41 4.5.1.1;5.1 Introduction;41 4.5.1.2;5.2 Benefi ts and Limitations of High- and Ultra-High-Field MRI;41 4.5.1.3;5.3 Special Aspects of High-Field fMRI;42 4.5.1.4;5.4 Ultra-High Field fMRI and Possible Clinical Applications;44 4.5.1.5;References;47 4.6;Chapter 6;49 4.6.1;Press Button Solutions;49 4.6.1.1;6.1 Introduction;49 4.6.1.2;6.2 Material and Methods;49 4.6.1.2.1;6.2.1 Overview;49 4.6.1.2.2;6.2.2 Software Packages (in Alphabetic Order);51 4.6.1.2.2.1;6.2.2.1 BrainLAB;51 4.6.1.2.2.2;6.2.2.2 NordicNeuroLab (NNL)/ NordicImagingLab (NIL);51 4.6.1.2.2.3;6.2.2.3 PHILIPS;52 4.6.1.2.2.4;6.2.2.4 spm2;52 4.6.1.3;Results;52 4.6.1.4;6.3 Discussion/Future Aspects;54 4.6.1.5;References;54 5;Part II: Clinical Applications;55 5.1;Chapter 7;56 5.1.1;Preoperative Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of Motor and Somatosensory Function;56 5.1.1.1;7.1 Rationale for fMRI in Rolandic Neurosurgery;56 5.1.1.2;7.2 Review of Literature*;57 5.1.1.3;7.3 General Considerations;60 5.1.1.4;7.4 Diagnostic Aims;61 5.1.1.5;7.5 Selection of Candidates for Preoperative fMRI;61 5.1.1.6;7.6 Paradigms for Clinical Motor and Somatosensory fMRI;61 5.1.1.7;7.7 Preoperative fMRI in Patients with Rolandic Brain Tumors;64 5.1.1.7.1;7.7.1 Somatotopic Mapping of the Primary Motor Cortex (Standard Protocol);64 5.1.1.7.2;7.7.2 Somatotopic Mapping of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex;67 5.1.1.7.3;7.7.3 Localization of the Precentral Gyrus in Patients with Paresis;67 5.1.1.8;7.8 Limitations and Pitfalls;69 5.1.1.9;References;70 5.2;Chapter 8;74 5.2.1;The Functional Anatomy of Speech Processing: From Auditory Cortex to Speech Recognition and Speech Production;74 5.2.1.1;8.1 Introduction;74 5.2.1.2;8.2 Hierarchical Organization of Auditory Cortex;74 5.2.1.3;8.3 STS Supports Phonological Aspects of Speech Recognition;74 5.2.1.4;8.4 Access to Conceptual-Semantic Information May Involve Middle Temporal Regions;76 5.2.1.5;8.5 Sensory Systems Participatein Speech Production;77 5.2.1.6;8.6 The Posterior Planum Temporale Supports Sensory-Motor Integration;77 5.2.1.7;8.7 Summary;78 5.2.1.8;References;79 5.3;Chapter 9;81 5.3.1;Use of fMRI Language Lateralization for Quantitative Prediction of Naming and Verbal Memory Outcome in Left Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Surgery;81 5.3.1.1;9.1 Use of fMRI for Predicting Naming Outcome;81 5.3.1.1.1;9.1.1 Measuring Language Lateralization;81 5.3.1.1.