<p>Table of Contents </p> <p>Chapter 1 Overview<br>1.1Prebiotic origin of phosphorus<br>1.2Phosphorus and biological small molecules<br>1.3Phosphorus and biological macromolecules<br>1.4The scientific questions on the origin of life<br>References </p> <p>Chapter 2 Occurrence<br>2.1 Phosphate esters-the functional center of biological systems<br>2.2 The important roles of phosphate esters<br>2.3 The chemical stabilities of phosphate esters<br>2.4 Phosphoryl group transfer catalyzed by enzymes<br>2.5 Phosphorus can't be replaced by other elements<br>2.6 Natural evolution determined the key roles of phosphorus in life<br>References </p> <p>Chapter 3 Phosphorus chose -amino acids<br>3.1 Amino acids and origin of life<br>3.2 The chemical diversities of amino acids and function<br>3.3 The prebiotic formation of amino acids<br>3.4 Peptide formation under prebiotic conditions<br>3.5 Phosphorus chemistry and prebiotic peptide formation<br>3.6 Phosphorus chemistry and molecular evolution of high energy P-N bonds<br>References </p> <p>Chapter 4 N-Phosphoryl amino acids-a chemical model of P-N bond<br>4.1 N-Phosphoryl amino acids and chemical evolution of life<br>4.2 Prebiotic formation of N-phosphoryl amino acids<br>4.3 Chemical reactions of N-phosphoryl amino acids<br>4.4 N-Phosphoryl amino acids-small chemical model for biological P-N bonds<br>References </p> <p>Chapter 5 Coevolution of nucleic acids and protein, and the origin of genetic code<br>5.1 The main stages of life origin<br>5.2 The origin of genetic codes<br>5.3 Chemical evolution of genetic codes<br>5.4 N-Phosphoryl amino acids: co-evolution model of nucleic acids and proteins<br>5.5 The interactions of amino acids and nucleotides in the process of peptide formation catalyzed by phosphorus reagents<br>References </p> <p>Chapter 6 Phosphoryl group transfer reaction of pentacoordinate phosphorus amino acids<br>6.1 The advancement of phosphoryl group transfers<br>6.2 The mechanism of intramolecular phosphorus transfer<br>6.3 The mechanism of intermolecular phosphoryl group transfer between amino acids<br>References </p> <p>Chapter 7 Pentacoordinatebisamino acids spirophosphoranes<br>7.1 The roles of amino acids pentacoordinate phosphorus compounds in biological systems<br>7.2 The synthetic methods of pentacoordinatebisamino acids spirophosphoranes<br>7.3 Characterization of chiral pentacoodinatebisamino acids spirophosphoranes<br>References </p> <p>Chapter 8 The chemical mode for the origin of amino acid homochirality<br>8.1 Origin of chirality<br>8.2 The chemical model of amino acids homochirality<br>8.3 The interactions of nucleotides and amino acids<br>8.4 Molecular modeling of the binding mode<br>References </p> <p>Chapter 9 N-Phosphoryl amino acids and the origin of cell membranes<br>9.1 The prebiotic origins of cell and its evolution<br>9.2 Membrane formations based on amphiphilic N-phosphoryl amino acids<br>9.3 The evolution of prebiotic membranes<br>9.4 N-Phosphorus amino acids and the origins of life<br>References </p> <p>Chapter 10 Discovery of seryl-histidine dipeptide and its function<br>10.1 "Mini-protease" Ser-His peptide<br>10.2 DNA cleavage of by Ser-His<br>10.3 Proteins cleavage by Ser-His<br>10.4 The prototype for modern enzymes Ser-His peptide<br>References </p> <p>Chapter 11 Interactions of ATP with amino acids<br>11.1 Small molecules-based origin and evolution of proteins<br>11.2 The chemical structures of ATP and interactions with amino acids<br>References </p> <p>Chapter 12 Conclusion and Exploration<br>12.1 Origin of life<br>12.2 Life originated from ocean<br>12.3 Life Exploration by determination of stable isotopic oxygen in phosphate salts<br>References </p>