1;Preface;61.1;Acknowledgments;101.2;References;102;Acknowledgments;103;Contents;124;Contributors;145;Course and Outcome of Bipolar Disorder;185.1;1 Historical Legacies;195.2;2 The Course of BPD Prior to the Introduction of Modern Psychotropic Agents;195.3;3 Methodological Issues;205.4;4 Childhood and Adolescent Antecedents of BPD;215.5;5 The Onset of BPD: Age;225.5.1;5.1 Specific Age-Related Presentations;225.5.1.1;5.1.1 Postpartum BPD;225.5.1.2;5.1.2 Late-Onset BPD;225.6;6 The Onset of BPD: Polarity;235.7;7 Subtypes and Patterns of BPD Based on Course of Illness;245.7.1;7.1 Bipolar I and II Disorders;245.7.2;7.2 Rapid-Cycling Illness;245.7.3;7.3 Nature of the Cycle;245.7.4;7.4 Predominant Polarity;255.8;8 Duration and Outcome of Individual Episodes;265.9;9 Recurrence Rates and Clinical Outcomes;275.9.1;9.1 Retrospective or Cross-Sectional Studies;275.9.2;9.2 Prospective Studies;285.10;10 Predictors/Correlates of Recurrence;285.11;11 Other Outcomes;305.11.1;11.1 Disability;305.11.2;11.2 Death Rates;305.12;12 Conclusion;315.13;References;316;Genetics of Bipolar Disorder;366.1;1 Introduction;366.2;2 Genetic Epidemiology of BPD;376.2.1;2.1 Twin Studies;376.2.2;2.2 Family Studies;386.3;3 Molecular Genetics;386.3.1;3.1 Genetic Linkage and Candidate Gene Studies;386.3.2;3.2 Genome-Wide Association Studies;396.4;4 New Strategies in BPD Genetics Research;406.4.1;4.1 Redefining the Phenotype;406.4.2;4.2 Novel Molecular Tools;436.4.3;4.3 Novel Analytical Tools;446.5;5 Summary;446.6;References;447;Understanding Bipolar Disorder: The Epigenetic Perspective;487.1;1 Introduction;497.2;2 Concepts in Epigenetics;497.3;3 Bipolar Disorder: The Epigenetic Perspective;517.4;4 Discordance of Monozygotic Twins;527.5;5 Sexual Dimorphism;537.6;6 Parent-of-Origin Effects;547.7;7 Other Epigenetic Effects That May Be of Relevance to BPD;557.8;8 Experimental Approaches to Epigenetic and Epigenomic Studies of BPD;577.9;9 Pilot DNA Methylome Study in BPD;577.10;10 Methodological and Experimental Complexities in Studying Epigenetic Factors in Psychiatric Disease;587.11;11 Summary;597.12;References;608;Clinical Endophenotypes for Bipolar Disorder;678.1;1 Clinical Endophenotypes for Bipolar Disorder;688.2;2 Defining Endophenotypes;698.3;3 Evidence for Neurocognitive Endophenotypes for Bipolar Disorder;698.4;4 Evidence for Temperamental Endophenotypes for Bipolar Disorder;748.5;5 Conclusions;788.6;References;789;Strategies for the Development of Animal Models for Bipolar Disorder: New Opportunities and New Challenges;849.1;1 Introduction;859.2;2 Animal Models - Basics;859.3;3 A Short Summary of What We Have and Use Today;889.4;4 Development of Appropriate Tests;909.4.1;4.1 Developing Tests for Behavioral Domains of BPD;919.4.2;4.2 Models and Tests for Endophenotypes of Disease;929.5;5 Identifying the Best Species and the Best Strains;949.5.1;5.1 Model Animals Based on Strain Differences;949.5.2;5.2 Nontraditional Models;959.6;6 Conclusion;979.7;References;9710;Partial Rodent Genetic Models for Bipolar Disorder;10310.1;1 Introduction;10410.2;2 Partial Models for Anhedonia and Depression (Table 1);10610.3;3 Partial Models for Mania and Excessive Behavioral Excitement (Table 2);10910.4;4 Partial Models for Affective Vulnerability or Resilience (Table 3);11310.5;5 Cyclicity;11510.6;6 Closing Remarks;11610.7;References;11611;The Role of the Aminergic Systems in the Pathophysiology of Bipolar Disorder;12111.1;1 Introduction;12211.1.1;1.1 Neurobiological Methods;12311.2;2 Serotonin;12411.2.1;2.1 Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies;12411.2.2;2.2 Postmortem Studies;12511.2.3;2.3 5-HT Receptors and Transporters: PET Imaging Studies;12511.2.4;2.4 Conclusion;12611.3;3 Norepinephrine;12711.3.1;3.1 Metabolite Studies;12711.3.2;3.2 Tyrosine Hydroxylase in Locus Coeruleus NE Neurons;12811.3.3;3.3 Genetics;12811.3.4;3.4 Medication for BPD: Mood Stabilizers;12811.3.5;3.5 Medication for BP